A Moroccan historian and novelist, born in Azemmour, Morocco. He received his education in the Moroccan capital, Rabat, and continued his higher education in France at the Sorbonne University and the Institute of Political Studies in the French capital, Paris. In 1956, he obtained a degree in political science, a graduate degree in history in 1958, and an agrégation in Islamic studies in 1963. In 1976, he submitted a thesis, The Social and Cultural Origins of Moroccan Nationalism: 1830-1912, to obtain a doctorate from Sorbonne University. He began publishing in 1964 under the pseudonym Abdullah Al Rafidi. His creative production included studies in ideological criticism, the history of ideas and systems, and also many fictional texts. He published his works in several journals: Qalam (Rabat), Mawaqif (Beirut), and Arab Studies (Beirut).